Shopping Mall Architecture Pdf
The interior of the in.A shopping mall is a modern, chiefly North American, term for a form of shopping precinct or shopping center in which one or more buildings form a complex of with interconnecting, usually indoors. In 2017, shopping malls accounted for 8% of retailing space in the United States.A shopping arcade is a type of shopping precinct that developed earlier and in which the connecting walkways are not owned by a single proprietor and may be in the open air or covered by a ground-floor. Many early shopping arcades such as the in London, the in Milan, and numerous arcades in Paris are famous and still trading. However, many smaller arcades have been demolished, replaced with large centers or malls, often accessible primarily by vehicle.Technical innovations such as electric lighting and escalators were introduced from the late 19th century. From the late 20th century, venues such as and began to be added. As a single built structure, early shopping centers were often architecturally significant constructions, enabling wealthier patrons to buy goods in spaces protected from the weather.
Express Avenue Chennai,In places around the world, the term shopping centre is used, especially in,. Mall is a term used predominantly in. Outside of North America, 'shopping precinct' and 'shopping ' are also used. In, 'shopping centre' is often used officially (as in ), but conversationally, 'mall' is mostly used. In North America, and India, the term shopping mall is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simply mall), while shopping centre usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots, face major traffic arterials, and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighbourhoods. InIn the United Kingdom and Ireland, 'malls' are commonly referred to as shopping centres. Mall primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic.
In, mall is generally used to refer to a large shopping area usually composed of a single building which contains multiple shops, usually 'anchored' by one or more department stores surrounded by a parking lot, while the term 'arcade' is more often used, especially in the, to refer to a narrow pedestrian-only street, often covered or between closely spaced buildings (see ).The majority of British shopping centres are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include in;;;;; Buchanan Galleries in; and in.
In addition to the inner city shopping centres, large UK will also have large out-of-town 'regional malls' such as the in;, serving; the in; in; the near; and in. These centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on, which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors.
Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success., in (London), is the largest shopping centre in Europe with over 330 shops, 50 restaurants and an 11 screen cinema and is the largest inner-city shopping center in Europe. Is the busiest shopping centre in the UK welcoming over 36.5 million shoppers in its opening year. There are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of $12.47 billion. This represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year. Hongyuan outdoor mall inOne of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes from, in where shopping markets were located. One of the earliest public shopping centers is in Rome located in Trajan's Forum.
Trajan's Market was probably built around 100-110 CE by, and it is thought to be the world's oldest shopping center – a forerunner of today's shopping mall. The of was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops.
Numerous other covered shopping arcades, such as the 19th-century in, might also be considered as precursors to the present-day shopping mall. 's, which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10-kilometer-long, covered also has a lengthy history. The oldest continuously occupied shopping mall in the world is likely to be the. Dating back at least to the 13th century, these covered walkways housed shops, with storage and accommodation for traders on various levels.
Different rows specialized in different goods, such as 'Bakers Row' or 'Fleshmongers Row'.in, which opened in 1785, may be regarded as one of the first purposely-built mall-type shopping complexes, as it consisted of more than 100 shops covering an area of over 53,000 m 2 (570,000 sq ft).The in opened in 1628 and still runs today. The in, England opened in 1774 and still runs today.The was opened in Paris in 1798.
The in London was opened in 1819.in introduced the retail arcade concept to the United States in 1828 and is arguably the oldest 'shopping mall' in the country. The in, Italy followed in the 1870s and is closer to large modern malls in spaciousness. Other large cities created arcades and shopping centers in the late 19th century and early 20th century, including the, and 's, which opened in 1890. When the opened in 1890, it was among the first indoor shopping arcades in the US, and like its European counterparts, was an architectural triumph. Two sides of the arcade had 1,600 panes of glass set in iron framing and is a prime example of.
Sydney's opened in 1898, was also an ambitious architectural project.Twentieth-century developments In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the and culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from. Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include, (1916), and, (1924). From early on, the design tended to be inward-facing, with malls following theories of how customers could best be enticed in a controlled environment.
Similar, the concept of a mall having one or more ' or ' was pioneered early, with individual stores or smaller-scale intended to benefit from the shoppers attracted by the big stores. Mall construction in America was encouraged by the accelerated depreciation laws of 1954, which incentivized greenfield development on the urban fringe.
A second stimulus came from legislation passed in 1960, which allowed investors to band together in REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) to avoid corporate income taxes. The laws helped to shape the familiar landscape of malls, motels, and fast food chains.In the 1970s in Canada, the Ontario government created the Ontario Downtown Renewal Programme, which helped finance the building of several downtown malls across Ontario such as. The program was created to reverse the tide of small business leaving downtowns for larger sites surrounding the city. In the first quarter of 2012 shopping mall private investment hit an all-time low under 0.1 percent.in the United States, was built between 1902 and 1904 and at, built in 1915, held its grand opening on July 20, 1916. The architect was Dean and Dean from and the building contractor was George H. Lounsberry from Duluth.
The early shopping center in the United States took shape at the (the 'Bank Block') in in 1928, the first regional shopping center in America that integrated parking into the design. This general plan by became the prototype of shopping centers for several decades.
Other important shopping centers built in the 1920s and early 1930s include in, the in,; in, Texas; and the Park and Shop in.Suburban versions. Located inThe suburban shopping center concept evolved further in the United States after World War II. Bellevue Shopping Square (now known as ) opened in 1946 in, a suburb of. Town & Country Village also opened in 1946 in. Then came the Broadway-Crenshaw Center (known today as the ), which was dedicated, in the district of on November 10, 1947 as the first major shopping mall on the West Coast.
Three more suburban shopping centers were completed in 1949. Town and Country Drive-In Shopping Center , in was a strip-type complex erected in the environs of. Park Forest, Illinois' Park Forest Plaza was built along the lines of a cluster-type complex. It was situated in the southern suburbs of. Contained a shopping center as part of a in what was then the outskirts of.In April 1950, the suburban shopping mall came into being with the opening of Seattle's Northgate Center (now known as ). This was followed by (1951), in; (1951), in; Stonestown Center (now ) (1952) in; and (1954), in. Open-air-type malls were also built in Canada and Australia.
Don Mills Convenience Centre (now ) opened in 1955, in. Started trading to the public in 1957, in.The fully enclosed shopping mall did not appear until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the in, which opened in March 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including a large parking area, anchor stores, and restaurants.
The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant. This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designed, which opened in the suburb of, United States in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the 'most influential architect of the twentieth century' by.The first retail complex to be promoted as a 'mall' was Paramus, New Jersey's. The center, which opened with an open-air format in 1957, was enclosed in 1973.
Aside from, significant early enclosed shopping malls were (1958), in Glen Burnie, Maryland, (1959), in Mesquite, Texas, (1961), in Phoenix, Arizona, and (1962), in Mount Prospect, Illinois.The world's first enclosed shopping mall was opened in, in northern in 1955 (architect: ) and was named; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe.The first fully enclosed shopping mall in Canada was Wellington Square. It was designed for by John Graham, Jr. As an enclosed mall with a department store anchor and subterranean parking which opened in downtown, on August 11, 1960. After several renovations, it remains open today as.
Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous 'land wasting seas of parking' and the spread of suburban sprawl.In the, was the first pedestrian shopping area built with a road at the shop fronts. The first mall-type shopping precinct in Great Britain was built in the downtown area of.
Known as Bull Ring Centre (now ), it was officially dedicated in May 1964. A notable example is the Shopping Centre (originally known as Shopping City) in Runcorn, which opened in 1972 and was conceived as the center point for the 's development.
Another early example is the, Britain's first out-of-town shopping mall and located on the northern outskirts of, which was opened in March 1976.In the United States, developers such as of extended the concept further in 1980, with tiles at the in, indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores. Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed. Fading daylight through glass panels was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger. The former Amusement park before it was at the center of the in, the largest shopping mall in the United StatesThe size of shopping centers and malls continued to increase throughout the twentieth and into the twenty-first centuries. With approximately 2,400,000 sq ft (220,000 m 2), the in, was one of the largest malls in the United States when it opened for business in August 1959., the oldest enclosed mall in New Jersey, opened in on November 14, 1957, with, host of, serving as master of ceremonies. The mall, located just outside, was planned in 1955 by to have 100 stores and 8,600 parking spaces in a 1,500,000 sq ft (140,000 m 2) mall that would include a 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m 2) store and two other 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m 2) department stores as part of the design.
Allied's chairman B. Earl Puckett confidently announced The Outlets at Bergen Town Center as the largest of ten proposed centers, stating that there were 25 cities that could support such centers and that no more than 50 malls of this type would ever be built nationwide.The largest enclosed shopping mall from 1986 to 2004 was the 350,000 m 2 (3,800,000 sq ft) in. Currently, the largest mall in the world is the in, China with a gross floor area of 892,000 m 2 (9,600,000 sq ft). The world's second-largest shopping mall is the in, China with a gross floor area of 680,000 m 2 (7,300,000 sq ft).
In the, is the world's third-largest at 542,980 m 2 (5,844,600 sq ft) of gross floor area. The fourth largest shopping mall in the world is in, Philippines with a gross floor area of 504,900 m 2 (5,435,000 sq ft) and the fifth largest shopping mall is in at 465,000 m 2 (5,010,000 sq ft) of gross floor area.The most visited shopping mall in the world and largest mall in the United States is the, located near the in. However, several Asian malls are advertised as having more visitors, including, Mall and Pluit Village, all in; in;, and, all in. The largest mall in is in,.Philippines has the most number of shopping malls in the top 100 largest shopping malls in the world with 22.Types The classifies shopping malls into eight basic types: neighborhood center, community center, regional center, superregional center, fashion/specialty center, theme/festival center,.
These definitions, published in 1999, were not restricted to shopping centers in any particular country, but later editions were made specific to the US with a separate set for Europe.Neighborhood center. A neighborhood center in the form of a, inNeighborhood centers are small-scale malls serving the local neighborhood. They typically have a supermarket or a as an anchor, and are commonly arranged in a format. Neighborhood centers usually have a retail area of 30,000 to 150,000 square feet (2,800 to 13,900 m 2), and serve a primary area in a 3-mile (4.8 km) radius. They are sometimes known as convenience centers.Community mall Community malls are larger than neighborhood centers, and offer a wider range of goods. They usually feature two anchor stores which are larger than that of a neighborhood center's, e.g.
A discount department store. They may also follow a strip configuration, or may be L- or U-shaped. Community centers usually feature a retail area of 100,000 to 350,000 square feet (9,300 to 32,500 m 2) and serve a primary area of 3 to 6 miles (4.8 to 9.7 km). Regional center.
RioMar Shopping in, Brazil, with a gross leasable area of 101,000 m 2 (1,090,000 sq ft)A regional mall is, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the United States, a shopping mall which is designed to service a larger area than a conventional shopping mall. As such, it is typically larger with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m 2) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m 2) with at least two and offers a wider selection of stores. Given their wider service area, these malls tend to have higher-end stores that need a larger area in order for their services to be profitable but may have discount department stores.
Regional malls are also found as tourist attractions in vacation areas. Superregional center.
In a suburb of, Australia, with a gross leasable area of 82,874 m 2 (892,050 sq ft)A super regional mall is, per the, in the US a shopping mall with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m 2) of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion apparel, and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region (25 miles or 40 km) in which it is located. Fashion/specialty center Fashion or specialty centers feature apparel shops and boutiques and cater to customers with higher incomes. They usually have a retail area ranging from 80,000 to 250,000 square feet (7,400 to 23,200 m 2) and serve an area of 5 to 15 miles (8.0 to 24.1 km). Power center.
Main article:An outlet mall (or outlet center) is a type of shopping mall in which manufacturers sell their products directly to the public through their own stores. Other stores in outlet malls are operated by retailers selling returned goods and discontinued products, often at heavily reduced prices.
Outlet stores were found as early as 1936, but the first multi-store outlet mall, located in did not open until 1974. Opened the first enclosed factory outlet mall in 1979, in, a suburb of. Components. Main articles: andWhen the shopping mall format was developed by in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed or draw tenant. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another. Stand-alone stores Frequently, a shopping mall or shopping center will have satellite buildings located either on the same tract of land or on one abutting it, on which will be located stand-alone stores, which may or may not be legally connected to the central facility through contract or ownership.
These stores may have their own parking lots, or their lots may interconnect with those of the mall or center. The existence of the stand-alone store may have been planned by the mall's developer, or may have come about through opportunistic actions by others, but visually the central facility – the mall or shopping center – and the satellite buildings will often be perceived as being a single 'unit', even in circumstances where the outlying buildings are not officially or legally connected to the mall in any way. Dead malls. Belz Factory Outlet Mall, an abandoned shopping mall in, United StatesIn the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still being constructed at a rate of 140 a year.
But in 2001, a study found that underperforming and vacant malls, known as 'greyfield' and 'dead mall' estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007, a year before the, no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years. In, which opened in March 2012, was the first to be built since the recession.In recent years, the number of dead malls increased significantly in the early twenty first century because the economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, with high vacancy rates in these malls. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be 'dying' by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (10–20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014. In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in the United States were considered to be 'dying' (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered 'troubling' (10% or higher).
Some real estate experts say the 'fundamental problem' is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is 'extremely over-retailed'. New trends In parts of Canada, it is now rare for new shopping malls to be built. The Shopping Centre, opened in 2004, opened in 2009, and Mall in 2016, are the only malls built in Canada since 1992. Outdoor or shopping areas known as are now favored, although the traditional enclosed shopping mall is still in demand by those seeking weather-protected, all-under-one-roof shopping. In addition, the enclosed interconnections between downtown multi story shopping malls continue to grow in the of (32 kilometres of passageway), the system of (27 km (17 mi) of passageway) and the system of (16 km (9.9 mi) of overhead passageway). This trend is also evident in Australia, where city renewal and gentrification projects have focused on expanding pedestrian-only shopping districts of city centres rather than building more shopping centres. In, on the other hand, as of 2013 a large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall near.
In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class.In the United States, owners are making drastic moves to convert struggling malls. This includes converting malls into apartments, offices and industrial space.
Other owners have taken the approach to turning large chunks of malls into parks and playgrounds. In Austin, Texas, the 600,000 square foot will be a campus for. Vertical malls. The, in, United StatesHigh land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the 'vertical mall,' in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by and/or (usually both) linking the different levels of the mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards.
The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development division of The skyscraper, was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the. Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations such as Hong Kong, Jakarta, and Bangkok. Is a principal example.A vertical mall may also be built where the geography prevents building outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historical buildings or significant. The and associated malls in, UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former town walls; consequently the shopping center is split over seven floors vertically – two locations horizontally – connected by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's former, split into four stories with multiple which featured medieval castle vaults – complete with – in the basement dining rooms.
Online shopping influence Faced with the exploding popularity of, shopping malls are emptying and are seeking new solutions to generate traffic. In the US, for example, roughly 200 out of 1,300 malls across the country are going out of business. To combat this trend, developers are trying to turn malls into leisure centers that include attractions such as parks, movie theaters, gyms, and even fishing lakes. Others, such as the European commercial real-estate giant, are modernizing their approach by promoting brand interaction and enhanced architectural appeal. A recent example that integrates both approaches is the So Ouest mall outside of Paris that was designed to resemble elegant, -style apartments and includes 17,000 square metres (180,000 sq ft) of green space. The Australian mall company Westfield launched an online mall (and later a mobile app) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and over 1 million products. Online shopping has increased its share of total retail sales since 2008.
In Q3 2008, it comprised 3.6% of retail purchases and this increased to 7.4% by Q3 2015. Shopping property management firms. See also:A shopping property management firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use a similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, puts 'Mills' in most of its mall names and of the puts 'SM' in all of its malls, as well as anchor stores such as The SM Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK, changes the name of any center it buys to 'The Mall (location)', using its pink-M logo; when it sells a mall the center reverts to its own name and branding, such as in.
Similarly, following its rebranding from Capital Shopping Centres, renamed many of its centres to 'intu (name/location)' (such as; again, malls removed from the network revert to their own brand (see for instance ).Shopping center management and advisory firms are bringing about professional management practices to the largely fragmented shopping center development industry in India. Historically, land ownership in India, has been fragmented and as a byproduct shopping center development, which rendered the single mall developers vulnerable to dubious advice and practices, since standard benchmarks, knowledge resources, and skilled people were scarce. This is changing as new firms promoted by former shopping center managers are stepping in to bridge the gap between ownership and professional management.
Beyond Squarefeet from India is another mall management company, which is foraying into various other countries such as India, Iran, Nepal, Nigeria, Qatar, etc. Mall management is slowly becoming a trend and is much sought after services in Asia and other markets.Legal issues One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional. Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private, over or, which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited coverage.In response, a few jurisdictions, notably, have expanded the right of to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls. See.Gallery World's largest shopping malls/centers. The Economist.
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(April 15, 2007). Archived from on December 4, 2010. Retrieved December 29, 2009. Alfred Taubman is a legend in retailing.
For 40 years, he's been one of America's most successful developers of shopping centers. Taubman picked upscale areas and opened lavish shopping centers. He was among the first to offer fountains and feature prestigious anchor stores like Neiman Marcus. The Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey is one of the most profitable shopping centers in the country. Taubman is famous for his attention to detail. He's very proud of the terrazzo tiles at Short Hills.
'The only point that the customer actually touches the shopping center is the floor,' he said. 'They've got traction as they're walking. Very important. Some of our competitors put in carpet. Carpet's the worst thing you can have because it creates friction.' .
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Retrieved December 29, 2009. Shopping mall magnate and onetime Sotheby's (BID) owner Alfred Taubman, 83, may be a convicted felon, but he's continuing to insist on his innocence in his just-out autobiography, Threshold Resistance: The Extraordinary Career of a Luxury Retailing Pioneer (Collins, $24.95). Writing on his business triumphs, Taubman is heavy on the boilerplate.
Shopping Center Architecture Pdf
But he gives a juicy personal account of the Sotheby's-Christie's price-fixing scandal that sent him to the slammer. November 15, 1957. From the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2007., November 14, 1957. The $40,000,000 Bergen Mall regional shopping center opened here this morning. The New York Times. January 13, 1955.
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Shopping Mall Architecture Pdf Download
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Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs,. Cite journal requires journal= Further reading.
Hardwick, M. Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream (2004).
Howard, Vicki. From Main Street to Mall: The Rise and Fall of the American Department Store (2015).
Ngo-Viet, Nam-Son. The Integration of the Suburban Shopping Center with its Surroundings: Redmond Town Center (PhD Dissertation) University of Washington. Scharoun, Lisa. America at the Mall: The Cultural Role of a Retail Utopia (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012).
Lange, Alexandra (February 15, 2018). Retrieved March 3, 2018.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.
As the inventor of the concept of the modern mall, the Austrian architect Victor Gruen 'may well have been the most influential architect of the 20th century,' wrote Malcolm Gladwell in 'The New Yorker.' Gruen designed not only the US first mall, the Southdale Center in Minnesota, which opened in 1956, but over 50 malls in the US until the mid-1970s.
However, he actually resented what these shopping centers turned out to be and didn't like to be called the father of this type of architecture. 'I refuse to pay alimony for those bastard developments,' he declared in 1978.For better or worse, malls have been sprouting up throughout the world for the last six decades. They remain one of the most controversial type of buildings; each new project is typically stalled by protests.Though spectacular new buildings are still being conceived, more and more malls are dying, as consumers are changing their shopping habits. From the initial 'bunker' style architecture in the suburbs, modern centers have evolved to maximize the shopper's experience - and that can be challenging when one simply needs to buy something quickly.The exhibition 'World of Malls - Architectures of Consumption,' organized by the Architecture Museum in Munich, explores the transformation process of the shopping mall from the 20th to the 21st century.
The show is being held at the Pinakothek der Moderne from July 14 through October 16, 2016.