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A Usenet post listing some Vietnamese names that sound derogatory in English for parents to avoid when naming their child in order to prevent being mocked by Americans. Screenshot via. The Flux of Technological SolutionsThe handy VIQR conventions were only a temporary solution, however, as the Vietnamese texts displayed were unrecognizable to the uninitiated. There remained a need to establish standard Vietnamese character encoding for web pages and fonts, which is why during the late 1980s and the early 1990s, a plethora of software packages, character encodings and Vietnamese fonts entered the cybersphere.
While some of these solutions worked well, the large number of them created yet another problem. As Kim An Lieberman explains in, 'The problem has not become how to put Vietnamese on the internet, but which Vietnamese to use.'
One popular encoding standard and input method produced during this time was the VNI standard, developed by a Vietnamese software engineer who was living in Westminster at the time. In 1987, Viet proposed using numerical keys to represent diacritical marks.
The input method was popularized and commercialized by Viet and his company VNI Software via a package that designed for the MS-DOS operating system. The method took off and became the standard for dot matrix printing which improved the landscape of Vietnamese-language newspapers in the US. VNI was even adopted by Microsoft in their Windows 95 operating system in the 1990s.
However, VNI Software sued Microsoft over unauthorized use, forcing the tech giant to remove it. Today, VNI is taught in computer textbooks and used by many Vietnamese in Vietnam.It was also during this time that The Unicode Consortium was created.
Established in 1987 in Silicon Valley with members belonging to many technology companies such as Apple, Xerox, Sun Microsystems, IBM and Microsoft, to create a universal standard for encoding and displaying every language including Vietnamese. It enlarged the 8-bit standard often found in character encoding at the time to a 16-bit character set in order to increase the number of characters it could hold.For Vietnamese, the consortium's was to assign a code to each diacritical mark instead of assigning a code to a precomposed combination. The reason for this decision was that Unicode wanted to save space and avoid encoding anything that could be created through a combination of two or more characters that was already assigned a code. However, doing this would prove to be problematic. According to a by the non-profit Viet-Std Group whose aim was to standardize Vietnamese for computers, 'The heavy use of diacritical marks in Vietnamese text calls for a keyboard input scheme that does not require extra keystrokes such as a special 'compose' key to generate accented letters.' TCVN 5712 code charts: VN1 (left); VN2 (right); VN3 (bottom). Images via.Web pages could finally properly display Vietnamese and users could write Vietnamese on the web if the output and the input were compatible with each other.
However, typing and reading Vietnamese on computers remained a headache because the plethora of solutions allowed different web pages to use different encodings and fonts that were incompatible with one another. Therefore, users not equipped with the right tools were unable to neatly read and write Vietnamese.
Moving Toward a Unified Standard: The Story of Vietkey, WinVNKey and UnikeySoftware and word processors continued to use 7-bit and 8-bit Vietnamese character encoding before Microsoft Windows. WinVNkey computer program to allow users to type Vietnamese on Windows 3.0 — the first version of the Windows operating system after MS-DOS. WinVNKey was designed and offered for free by TriChlor — a non-profit group that promoted the use of VISCII as a unified standard.
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WinVNkey started to support Unicode in 2000 after recognizing its potential. The project was taken over by Ngo Dinh Hoc, who was working with Unicode and designing a Vietnamese keyboard driver for Macintosh at the time. The program then became a multilingual input method software which facilitated more than 30 international languages that don't usually translate well into a computerized environment. Nom characters and Vietnamese ethnic minorities languages were also included.A notable WinVNKey equivalent is Vietkey. It was developed by Vietkey Group, a company based in Vietnam and founded by Dang Minh Tuan, who was a young engineer at the Ministry of Defence at the time. The program was first offered as freeware and later commercialized in conjunction with the company's other products.
Vietkey supported Vietnamese, English, French, German and Russian. There was a version compatible with the Linux operating system as well.
Just like the team behind WinVNKey, Tuan was an advocate for a universal character encoding for typing Vietnamese. Tuan and Vietkey offered the Unicode support in 1997 and fine-tuned it into more efficient software in 2000.
However, the fact the Vietkey was not freely accessible was a drawback for many.Seeing the need for a widely accessible software that supported Unicode other than Vietkey, Pham Kim Long — a graduate student in Prague at the time — had the idea to develop his own input method software, which resulted in Unikey, released in 2000. The compact freeware is now ubiquitous among Vietnamese computer users. Long had been toying with the idea, when he and his classmates at the Hanoi University of Science and Technology challenged each other to write the most lightweight Vietnamese typing program using the Assembly language and Long won the challenge with a program that only weighed 2 kilobytes called 'LittleVNKey.' However, 'LittleVNKey' did not support Unicode. In 2000, Long decided to work on a Vietnamese input program with Unicode support after seeing online conversations about Windows 2000's multilingual support which included Vietnamese.
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He spent two days writing the program and released the first version of Unikey online. He then spent the next four months receiving feedback and fine-tuning the software.
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In 2006, through a Viet Kieu friend, Pham Kim Long gave Apple the rights to integrate the software in its operating system. Unikey remains a free and accessible software now.Although Long and Tuan are the two most credited with making Vietnamese compatible with modern computers, the development of typing technologies is much more multi-faceted, and reflects the sociocultural and historical needs of a population yearning for connection with the world and with itself.Related Articles -.